CSF-1R, a cell-surface receptor tyrosine kinase predominantly expressed on monocytes and macrophages. In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells often secrete the ligand CSF-1, which binds to and activates CSF-1R on macrophages. This signaling promotes the recruitment, survival, and polarization of TAMs toward an immunosuppressive, pro-tumor (M2-like) phenotype. These TAMs contribute to tumor progression by suppressing T-cell function, facilitating angiogenesis, and promoting metastasis. By blocking the interaction between CSF-1 and CSF-1R, cabiralizumab aims to deplete or reprogram these pro-tumor macrophages, thereby alleviating immune suppression within the tumor and potentially enhancing the efficacy of T-cell-directed immunotherapies like PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.