IGF2 and IGF1, two peptide hormones that primarily signal through the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). The IGF pathway plays a crucial role in normal growth and metabolism, but it is frequently dysregulated in cancer. Overexpression of IGF ligands, especially IGF2 (often due to loss of imprinting), and activation of IGF-1R promote tumor cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and contribute to treatment resistance.