Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF-1 or Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, M-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is essential for the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and function of monocytes and macrophages. It exerts its effects by binding to and activating the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed on myeloid lineage cells. In cancer, tumor-derived CSF-1 recruits and polarizes macrophages toward an M2-like, pro-tumorigenic phenotype (TAMs).