Ruplizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD40 ligand (CD40L, also known as CD154). It binds to CD40L on activated T cells, blocking its interaction with CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (e.g., B cells, dendritic cells). This inhibition suppresses T cell-dependent B cell activation, antibody production, and inflammatory responses. It was historically investigated for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and prevention of transplant rejection.