Neuropilin-1 is a transmembrane receptor that functions as a co-receptor for multiple ligands, most notably class 3 semaphorins (involved in neuronal guidance) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs, involved in angiogenesis). By interfering with these interactions, an anti-NRP-1 antibody like vesencumab aims to disrupt pathological processes such as tumor vascularization, growth, and metastasis, as well as potentially modulate neuroimmune responses.